1. Do the numbers on Tim Flood's jig indicate bow length or string length?
No idea, but I'd mark it for string length. Just wind a strand at a given peg, then measure it. For a 57" string, it should measure approximately 73". Going by bow length will cause you a lot of headaches if you make many strings.
2. Do you add 4" to bow length or subtract 4"?
AMO says subtract 3", longbow or recurve (actually says the bow marking should be 3" longer than the string that puts it at proper brace). That isn't always the case. I've seen recurve strings vary from 2.5" to 6" shorter than the AMO bow length; longbow strings from 1.5" to 4" shorter. Like I said on #1, go by string length, not bow length.
3. How many strands of B50 should I use for a 53# longbow?
12-14