In a bowhunter education class that I help teach, we have a target we call old ironsides. It's 1/4 inch thick steel plate cut into the shape of a deer silhouette with an opening cut out where the vitals would be. During the shooting part of the course, we first ask the students what they feel their maximum effective range is. Then we bring out old ironsides and ask them to shoot through the hole in the deer at their maximum effective range. It's amazing how the effective range shortens once they see the target. Most won't even attempt it. In short, the effective range on live critters for most of us is a lot shorter than we think it is or would like it to be.