MAD Cap Horse is Opposite!
M for Maple
A for Ash
D for Dogwood
Caprifoliaceae
Hosechestnut
These species have an opposite branching pattern.
More common is an alternate branching pattern as found in oaks.
As mentioned, there is a lot to learn about buds, bundle scars and bark that can help ID winter trees. Of course the ones with green needles are pine trees, but even there you can distinguih by the size, shape and number of needles in each bundle.
Bark recognition is actually quite easy once you get the hang of it.
Here is a site that may be helpful:
http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/dendrology/main.htm