Using quite similar arrow weights, the penetration gain between 12% FOC and 21% is mute.The 21% arrow merely has 2% advantage since. There are no measureable gains until exceeding 19% FOC.
From an easily perceptible gain, in my experience, significant penetration gains have been observed once exceeding 25%. As my setups climb to 30% and above the penetration gains are eye opening. The penetration gains are not linear as when climbing into the lower 20’s, the gains may yield an approx. 5% penetration increase for a 1% FOC increase. Climbing near 30%, the penetration gains may yield an approx.. 8% gain for a 1% FOC increase.
I am typically parked at 30% UFOC. Personally am fond of 32% UFOC, however the extreme excessive target wear and the game I pursue does not warrant this particular arrow design.
Note: Utilizing a 611 gn arrow with 400 gn up front…tipped with a BIG 3, the arrow marked the doe’s brisket…..travelled full body length and exited approx. 6 -8 inches out the back inner thigh…she layed down on the spot. Totally disintegrated a 1 yr guaranteed 18 in 1 Rhinehart target in 3 ½ weeks and an Eagle layered target in 2 ½ weeks. Often had to use an arrow puller and knock down targets at 3D events….all shot out of a 51@28 bow.
Results from one's own testing will be the best guide and a valued confidence builder.