I have white, brite yellow, chartreuse and pink feathers in my practice quiver. I wondered this very question and decided to do a test. I went out at near dusk and started shooting my visible fletchings from 25 yards. As it got darker I found that the CHARTREUSE showed up marginally better than the others. I have to say though that there wasn't that much of a difference at all, to my eye anyway.
True the chartreuse was a TINY bit better, but that's not saying I wouldn't take any of the others and be worried about not seeing them. I say shoot what you like cause it really doesn't make that much difference anyway.
Oh, the backdrop for my tests is an old, wooden, weathered fence about 8 feet tall. You all know what color those fences get after many years....a dull, dark gray color.
Larry.