Inksoup, Our native cane grows to it's ultimate height(only about 6') the first growing season, matures during the second season and dies at the end of the 3rd season. For me the paperlike sheath at each node is the indicator of maturity. When it starts to deteriorate it is generally in it's second growing season and by that autumn it is ready to harvest. Also the color changes from a true green color to a yellow green color as it matures and by the time it turns tan in color it is too late , the cane has begun to deteriorate.
I use standard hand pruners(bypass type not anvil type)to harvest cane. I cut them full length at ground level(only grows to about 6'), clean them up a bit(remove side shoots, etc), them bundle them to dry. Once dry I cut the useable part out and begin the straightening process. Once relatively straight I find the appropriate "shaft" and cut it out of the cane. Once I get this done I check the spine, for me primarily to find the stiff side of the cane. This stiff side will go against the bow.
I cut my cane(and hardwood shoot arrows) long, 29" to 30" for my 26" draw and begin making arrows. Generally same size canes will be close in spine and physical weight.