Sorry for the delay everyone...
Answer to question 1: Diamond stones vs. standard (ceramic/Arkansas).
Diamonds are very aggressive and will take a blade from very dull to very sharp quickly. They're great for speed sharpening and for blades made from very hard steels. Diamonds aren't even in the same league with the standard stones when it comes to polishing to a true surgical edge though.
Lots of good advice posted but Soilarch and BobW pretty much nailed it... Whenever I coach someone having trouble sharpening a knife or BH, the problem is almost invariably one of two things: Either progressing through the grits too quickly or pushing too hard on the sharpener or stone.
Progressing through the grits too quickly: Coarse and x-coarse stones are our friends!!! They'll save a lot of sweat, time, and cussin. It's at the coarsest stage of sharpening that the cutting edge is actually formed. Following up with progressively finer grit stones will only polish the edge we created with the coarse stone in the beginning. If we got the edge nice and sharp on the coarse stone, then the finer grits will quickly refine and polish that edge to hair plowing sharp...If we left the coarsest stone prematurely, before bringing the bevels to a complete and true intersection, then the finer stones will polish the bevels beautifully but, they won't get the blade any sharper. In other words, don’t leave your coarsest stone till the blade is very sharp… and I mean very sharp. It will be a coarse feeling sharp but sharp enough that you sure wouldn’t want to run your finger down the blade.
Pushing too hard on the stone or pushing too hard on the BH sharpener: Since we’re grinding steel on some level when sharpening, human nature and logic suggests that if we push harder, we’ll speed things up a bit… Nope… doesn’t work like that. Pushing down harder on the stone or sharpener will cause the blade to flex and once the blade flexes, the consistent angle goes out the window. With light pressure the stones will cut very efficiently and the angle will remain precise at all times… and we all know that holding a consistent angle is the most important aspect of sharpening anything.
Did I miss anybody? Thanks,
Ron