Z,
The link Clayton gave you will get you to the Idaho Fish & Game website where you will find most of your answers. Residency is 6 months prior to the license purchase or application for draws. Here is the page link:
http://fishandgame.idaho.gov/apps/fees/resrequirements.cfm From Boise, you have tons of opportunity. Spring: turkeys and bear, variety of varmints; Summer: bow fishing; end of Summer through Fall / Winter: elk, deer (whitetail & mule), bear, antelope, turkey, mountain lion and small game. There are limited draw hunts for Shiras moose, California and Rocky Mountain Bighorn sheep and mountain goat. Depending upon which species that you are hunting, you can get to good hunting for any of these in four hours or less. There is a lot of opportunity in less travel time than four hours.
The main thing is to get away from the roads. I have hunted some areas South of my place where I didn't run into another person all day. A large percentage of the land in Idaho is federally managed, so you have options.
Idaho Traditional Bowhunters
http://idahotraditionalbowhunters.com/index.htm meets at the Boise Cabelas the second Wednesday of the month at 6:30 PM. It would be a good place to start once you get here. Best wishes on your move.