Pred,
The answer to the most durable arrow is easy, get carbons. Woods, while beautiful and traditional, break. Aluminums bend easily and require regular straightening. Eventually they can't be straightened anymore. Carbons start off straight and stay that way. Carbons are tough. I'm not saying they can't be broken but they generally outlast anything else by a large margin. Most of the carbons I've broken got that way when I get too lazy to pull arrows after shooting half a dozen or so and smack an arrow in the target with an incoming one. I'm not bragging about shooting a "Robin Hood" either. It's simply that if you shoot enough arrows into the same general spot sooner or later you will smack an arrow with an arrow.
Compound shooters mostly tune the bow to the arrow. Trad shooters mostly tune the arrow to the bow. Starting with the correct spine for your draw weight and length is basic. An arrow that flies mostly straight to the target loses less speed. An arrow that impacts the target in-line with itself penetrates better. Not that any arrow flies perfectly straight. Take a look at the high speed videos on this website.
http://www.wernerbeiter.com/en/informations/index.php It's amazing that any arrow even hits the target considering how they wiggle and squirm.
An overly light arrow flies fast but doesn't necessarily penetrate well, especially when bone is hit. An overly heavy arrow flies slow and therefore drops more over a given distance but its inertia helps it penetrate. The best compromise is an arrow of 10-12 grains per pound of bow weight.
In big game hunting, a bow and arrow is nothing more than a means to deliver a broadhead into the vitals of the game animal. The broadhead does the killing. While opinions about which brand or style of broadhead is best, I'm safe in saying that bigger and sharper is better.
I hope some of this helps.
John