Lots of good info at ACF and elsewhere on the range but at a macro scale it's estimated that there were over 4 billion mature chestnut trees at the beginning of the 20th century ranging from Georgia to Maine and west to Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. By 1950 99%+ were gone.
That said, chestnuts are growing well today in Wisconsin and many other locations outside their original range. They tend to like slightly acidic soil and traditionally were found along and below ridge lines, as opposed to bottomland. There are always exceptions and in fact the mother trees that are out there today possibly were spared because they grew apart from their sisters.
Unfortunately for me, at 8,000', Chestnuts will never grow on my property but I take joy in the fact that they're growing and eventually will thrive in my native Virginia.
For more great reading, check out 'Mighty Giants' and 'American Chestnut: The Life, Death and Rebirth of the Perfect Tree'...both available at ACF.org or Amazon, etc.